Abstract: The appearance of traditional villages serves as an external manifestation of the humanenvironment relationship within settlements, exhibiting distinct regional characteristics. A systematic and comprehensive understanding of these village appearances is crucial for their preservation and development, and holds great significance for the construction of beautiful countryside. From the perspective of human-environment interaction, this article analyzes the connotation of such interaction within the context of traditional villages. Based on this analysis, a cognitive framework for understanding the appearances of traditional villages is constructed. By incorporating specific case studies of Peitian Village in Liancheng County, Longyan City, Fujian Province, the article further elucidates the cognitive pathway that connects the internal principles of human-environment interaction to the external physical manifestations of traditional village appearances. It aims to provide theoretical reference and methodological guidance for the preservation, utilization, and heritage development of traditional villages in China.