Abstract: Traditional settlement is an important cultural landscape and carrier of historical memory, and settlement space is the main place for residents to carry out daily communication activities. In order to make the traditional settlements better adapt to the natural environment and the development of modern urbanization, it is necessary to constantly explore and optimize its spatial structure. In this paper, Turpan Yar Village is selected as the research object to study the morphological characteristics and spatial system of its traditional settlements, so as to lay a foundation for the sustainable development of the spatial environment of traditional settlements. The results show as following. Firstly, the whole Yar Village is centered on residential buildings, with residential houses, farming land and shelterbelt distributed outwards, presenting a horizontal spatial pattern of radial distribution along the river system. Secondly, the vertical form of Yar Village is generally high in the northwest and low in the southeast, followed by the layout of cold house land, forest land, residential land and agricultural land. Thirdly, Yar Village road classification is clear, extending to the surrounding along the river system, high road utilization rate. Fourthly, the architectural space form of Yar Village can be divided into four categories:parallel, suite, hall and mixed mode. The building structure is diverse, with the semi-basement as the most characteristic space structure. According to the different materials of the building, it can be divided into total soil and semi-soil, which complement each other.